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Exam 6: Energy and Metabolism

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Question 21

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AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an enzyme that is activated by high levels of AMP in cells.If levels of AMP are high in cells,that means that levels of ATP are low.Once active,AMPK activates catabolic pathways and inhibits anabolic pathways in the cell.Why do you think that is the case? Choose the answer that best explains the role of AMPK.

A) High levels of AMP indicate that there is a high amount of energy stored in the cell,thus activating catabolic pathways and inhibiting anabolic pathways are mechanisms to use stored energy.
B) By inhibiting anabolic pathways,AMPK provides a mechanism to generate heat for the cell,which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell.
C) By activating catabolic pathways,AMPK provides a mechanism to activate exergonic pathways,which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell.
D) Activating catabolic pathways and inhibiting anabolic pathways will ultimately lead to higher consumption of ATP,which is important if AMP levels are high in the cell.

E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

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Question 22

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Tacrolimus (FK-506) is a drug that inhibits an enzyme called calcineurin.Calcineurin is a protein phosphatase.This is an enzyme that dephosphorylates (removes phosphate groups) from proteins.When added to cells,tacrolimus can inhibit the dephosphorylation of a protein called NFAT,but it cannot prevent the dephosphorylation of a protein called CDK1.What is the most likely explanation for this finding?

A) Calcineurin requires an additional cofactor to dephosphorylate NFAT
B) NFAT is a substrate of calcineurin,but CDK1 is not
C) Tacrolimus is a competitive inhibitor of calcineurin for NFAT and CDK11
D) Tacrolimus changes the optimum pH for calcineurin

E) A) and D)
F) All of the above

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Question 23

Multiple Choice

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The inorganic nonprotein components that participate in enzyme catalysis are known as

Does ADP contain the capacity to provide energy for the cell?

You are studying an enzyme-catalyzed reaction that induces a particular cellular activity in the lab.If you wanted to slow down that particular cellular activity by controlling the enzyme,what could you do?

If you were able to increase the kinetic energy of the molecules inside your body,how would this affect your body temperature?

The amount of energy available to do work is called

Based on the graph,what are the optimal temperatures for the human enzyme and hotsprings prokaryote enzyme?

In order to reuse an enzyme after the conclusion of an enzyme catalyzed reaction,what must occur?

The chemistry of living systems representing all chemical reactions is called

Energy is defined as

A ribozyme catalyzes a reaction on itself and actually changes shape.This is an example of.

Kinases are enzymes that can phosphorylate (transfer phosphate groups onto) macromolecules such as proteins.A particular kinase,Kinase 1 is known to promote cell division.It promotes cell division by phosphorylating Protein X.Phosphorylation of Protein X activates Protein X.Once activated,Protein X stimulates the production of other proteins such as Protein Y and Z that directly promote cell division.In order to function,Kinase 1 requires the presence of Metal A.However,in the presence of Protein A,Kinase 1 is nonfunctional.From the description,what is considered a cofactor of Kinase 1?

Oxidation and reduction reactions are chemical processes that result in a gain or loss of:

Kinases are enzymes that can phosphorylate (transfer phosphate groups onto) macromolecules such as proteins.A particular kinase,Kinase 1 is known to promote cell division.It promotes cell division by phosphorylating Protein X.Phosphorylation of Protein X activates Protein X.Once activated,Protein X stimulates the production of other proteins such as Protein Y and Z that directly promote cell division.In order to function,Kinase 1 requires the presence of Metal A.However,in the presence of Protein A,Kinase 1 is nonfunctional.From the description,what is considered the substrate of Kinase 1?

The Law of Thermodynamics that states that increases in entropy are favored is:

Glucose is broken down through cellular respiration,which involves a large number of chemical reactions.At the end of the cellular respiration process,a large number of ATP molecules are generated,but yet,not all of the possible energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose can be harnessed through these chemical reactions to generate ATP.In other words,during cellular respiration,not all of the energy that is contained in a molecule of glucose is converted into the energy stored in ATP.What happens to the remaining energy?

You are working with a specific enzyme-catalyzed reaction in the lab.You are a very careful experimentalist,and as a result,at the beginning of each of your experiments,you measure the temperature in the lab.On days 1 through 5,the temperature in the lab was 20^oC.Today is day 6 of your experiment,and the temperature in the lab is 30^oC.How do you predict that this will alter the rate of your enzyme-catalyzed reaction?

In a chemical reaction,1,3-bisphosphoglycerate + ADP yields 3-phosphoglycerate plus ATP.What is the delta G for this reaction?

A molecule that closely resembles the shape of a substrate for an enzyme and that decreases the activity of the enzyme would most likely serve as a(n)