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What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? A) creep B) debris flow C) rock fall D) rock slide E) rotational slide


A) creep
B) debris flow
C) rock fall
D) rock slide
E) rotational slide

F) B) and D)
G) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following are true about factors that influence weathering?


A) Chemical weathering occurs fastest in cold or dry climates.
B) Whether a slope faces toward or away from the sun is not an important factor influencing weathering.
C) Soil and other weathering products tend to accumulate more on gentle slopes than on steep slopes.
D) Time is not a critical factor in weathering because physical and chemical processes have not changed much through time.

E) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

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What is the main reason why the oceans are salty?


A) the early oceans were salty because comets are dirty snowballs
B) salt deposits that formed early in Earth's history become dissolved by modern oceans
C) weathering of rocks releases chemical elements that make the oceans salty
D) blowing salt crystals become incorporated into clouds and falls with the rainfall

E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

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The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed: The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed: A) while the granite was still molten B) while the rocks were still buried at great depth C) when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints D) along a subduction zone


A) while the granite was still molten
B) while the rocks were still buried at great depth
C) when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints
D) along a subduction zone

E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Correct Answer

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C

Which numbered feature on this figure is a scarp? Which numbered feature on this figure is a scarp? A) 1, a linear or curved scar marking where the slide pulled away from the hill B) 2, small fractures within the sliding block C) 3, the intact layers below the rock slide D) 4, the front of the slide, where it overruns the land surface E) 5, a valley or other open space in front of the slide


A) 1, a linear or curved scar marking where the slide pulled away from the hill
B) 2, small fractures within the sliding block
C) 3, the intact layers below the rock slide
D) 4, the front of the slide, where it overruns the land surface
E) 5, a valley or other open space in front of the slide

F) B) and C)
G) B) and E)

Correct Answer

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What rock type is the most common setting for caves formed by dissolution of a rock?


A) well-sorted sandstone
B) gray limestone
C) dark porous lava flows
D) gray granite
E) slate

F) None of the above
G) B) and E)

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Which of the following is valid for how rocks weather?


A) quartz is very soluble during weathering at low temperatures
B) limestone weathers rapidly in wet climates but can form cliffs in dry ones
C) as a granite weathers, quartz rapidly decomposes into clay minerals
D) most minerals in granite weather at nearly the same rate and so granite has smooth surfaces

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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Which of the following factors favors movement of a rock slide?


A) layers that are inclined opposite to the slope of the hill
B) solid rock with few preexisting joints or faults
C) a massive rock with no bedding or other through-going discontinuities
D) a valley or other open space downslope from the rock slide

E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

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How can weathering form a mineral deposit?


A) extreme leaching can leave behind elements, such as aluminum, that are valuable
B) weathering can dissolve copper from the top of a mineral deposit and reprecipitate it at depth
C) heavier materials, such as gold and diamond, accumulate near the base of river gravels
D) all of these

E) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

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D

Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave is a stalactite? Which of these four numbered features on the surface or in a cave is a stalactite? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) none of these


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) none of these

F) All of the above
G) A) and B)

Correct Answer

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In which setting is karst topography most likely to feature steep pillars, knobs, and oddly shaped rocks?


A) tropical
B) arid
C) mid-latitude
D) polar

E) B) and C)
F) C) and D)

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Which of the following is a feature that commonly forms where limestone has been dissolved?


A) sinkhole
B) karst topography
C) cave
D) all of these

E) A) and B)
F) None of the above

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What did the USGS discover when they studied the Slumgullion feature?


A) there were different parts with different ages
B) movement formed folds, faults, fissures, and zones of shearing
C) some parts of the material moved faster than other parts
D) all of these
E) a and b only

F) B) and C)
G) A) and D)

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D

What events caused so much damage along the north coast of Venezuela in 1999?


A) a landslide shook loose a large piece of the mountains that caused the water in the reservoir to flood local towns
B) torrential rains caused debris flows and flash floods that raced through cities
C) the slow movement of slopes downhill broke apart houses but did not kill any people
D) overgrazing caused a loss of grass cover and resulted in severe soil erosion

E) A) and C)
F) A) and B)

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What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? What type of slope failure is shown in this figure? A) rotational slide B) creep C) rock avalanche D) debris flow E) rock fall


A) rotational slide
B) creep
C) rock avalanche
D) debris flow
E) rock fall

F) C) and D)
G) B) and E)

Correct Answer

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Which of the following is NOT a source of material for soil?


A) weathered rock and sediment
B) leaves and other plant debris
C) CO2 gas from roots
D) water from precipitation and snowmelt
E) all of these are a source of material in soil

F) All of the above
G) D) and E)

Correct Answer

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What happens to the surface area of exposed rock if a rock is fractured?


A) there are more pieces, but the surface area does not change
B) the surface area does not change because the volume does not change
C) the surface area increases as the rock is fractured
D) the surface area decreases as the rock is fractured

E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Correct Answer

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What is the most common way in which sinkholes form?


A) a small explosion of methane gas from coal beds
B) a small explosion of CO2 gas from dissolving limestone
C) a rising dome of salt finally reaches the surface
D) the roof of a cave collapses

E) A) and D)
F) C) and D)

Correct Answer

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Which of the numbered soil horizons is most likely to have remnants of weathered bedrock? Which of the numbered soil horizons is most likely to have remnants of weathered bedrock? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5


A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

F) A) and B)
G) D) and E)

Correct Answer

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How does material in soil move?


A) the upper part of soil loses material downward
B) clay minerals and other fine particles are carried downward
C) chemical ions leached from above can accumulate in the underlying zone
D) calcium carbonate can accumulate in the soil, especially in dry environments
E) all of these

F) B) and E)
G) A) and D)

Correct Answer

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